Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in children and adolescents: comorbidity and developmental implications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36560/19320262224Palavras-chave:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), comorbidity, stress, anxiety, depressionResumo
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders, typically emerging in early childhood and persisting into adolescence and adulthood. Characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, ADHD manifests in three primary types: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined. Its etiology is multifactorial, encompassing genetic, neurobiological, environmental, and psychosocial factors. ADHD frequently co-occurs with comorbid conditions, including learning disabilities, anxiety, depression, behavioral disorders, and emotional dysregulation, which exacerbate functional impairments and social difficulties. Developmental trajectories reveal persistent cognitive deficits, especially in executive functions, contributing to academic underachievement, peer rejection, low self-esteem, and increased risk of maladaptive behaviors. Evidence-based interventions, including pharmacological treatment, behavioral strategies, special education services, and mindfulness programs, can enhance emotional regulation, self-esteem, and adaptive functioning. Understanding ADHD’s complex presentation, comorbidities, and psychosocial impact is essential for effective assessment, intervention, and support across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
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Accepted 2026-05-05
Published 2026-05-11
